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ຕົ້ນກໍາເນີດຂອງອຸປະກອນຫມໍ້ໄຟອາດຈະເລີ່ມຕົ້ນດ້ວຍການຄົ້ນພົບແກ້ວ Leiden. ແກ້ວ Leiden ໄດ້ຖືກປະດິດສ້າງຄັ້ງທໍາອິດໂດຍນັກວິທະຍາສາດຊາວໂຮນລັງ Pieter van Musschenbroek ໃນປີ 1745. ແກ້ວ Leyden ແມ່ນອຸປະກອນ capacitor ເບື້ອງຕົ້ນ. ມັນປະກອບດ້ວຍສອງແຜ່ນໂລຫະທີ່ແຍກອອກໂດຍ insulator. rod ໂລຫະຂ້າງເທິງນີ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ເພື່ອເກັບຮັກສາແລະປ່ອຍຄ່າບໍລິການ. ເມື່ອທ່ານສໍາຜັດກັບ rod ໃນເວລາທີ່ລູກປືນໂລຫະຖືກນໍາໃຊ້, ແກ້ວ Leiden ສາມາດຮັກສາຫຼືເອົາພະລັງງານໄຟຟ້າພາຍໃນ, ແລະຫຼັກການແລະການກະກຽມຂອງມັນແມ່ນງ່າຍດາຍ. ໃຜສົນໃຈສາມາດເຮັດມັນດ້ວຍຕົນເອງຢູ່ເຮືອນ, ແຕ່ປະກົດການລົງຂາວຂອງມັນເອງແມ່ນຮ້າຍແຮງກວ່າເກົ່າຍ້ອນຄໍາແນະນໍາທີ່ງ່າຍດາຍຂອງມັນ. ໂດຍທົ່ວໄປແລ້ວ, ໄຟຟ້າທັງຫມົດຈະຖືກຕັດອອກໃນສອງສາມຊົ່ວໂມງຫາສອງສາມມື້. ຢ່າງໃດກໍ່ຕາມ, ການປະກົດຕົວຂອງຂວດ Leiden ຫມາຍເຖິງຂັ້ນຕອນໃຫມ່ໃນການຄົ້ນຄວ້າໄຟຟ້າ.
ໃນຊຸມປີ 1790, ນັກວິທະຍາສາດຊາວອີຕາລີ Luigi Galvani ໄດ້ຄົ້ນພົບການໃຊ້ສັງກະສີແລະສາຍທອງແດງເພື່ອເຊື່ອມຕໍ່ຂາກົບ ແລະພົບວ່າຂາກົບຈະບິດ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນລາວໄດ້ສະເຫນີແນວຄວາມຄິດຂອງ "ພະລັງງານຊີວະພາບ". ການຄົ້ນພົບນີ້ເຮັດໃຫ້ນັກວິທະຍາສາດຊາວອີຕາລີ Alessandro ສັ່ນສະເທືອນ. ການຄັດຄ້ານຂອງ Volta, Volta ເຊື່ອວ່າການສັ່ນສະເທືອນຂອງຂາຂອງກົບແມ່ນມາຈາກກະແສໄຟຟ້າທີ່ຜະລິດໂດຍໂລຫະແທນທີ່ຈະເປັນກະແສໄຟຟ້າຢູ່ເທິງກົບ. ເພື່ອປະຕິເສດທິດສະດີຂອງ Galvani, Volta ໄດ້ສະເຫນີ Volta Stack ທີ່ມີຊື່ສຽງຂອງລາວ. stack voltaic ປະກອບດ້ວຍແຜ່ນສັງກະສີແລະທອງແດງທີ່ມີ cardboard ແຊ່ນ້ໍາເກືອໃນລະຫວ່າງ. ນີ້ແມ່ນຕົ້ນແບບຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟເຄມີທີ່ສະເຫນີ.
ສົມຜົນປະຕິກິລິຍາ electrode ຂອງເຊນ voltaic:
ໄຟຟ້າບວກ: 2H^++2e^-→H_2
electrode ລົບ: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-
ໃນປີ 1836, ນັກວິທະຍາສາດຊາວອັງກິດ John Frederic Daniell ໄດ້ປະດິດຫມໍ້ໄຟ Daniel ເພື່ອແກ້ໄຂບັນຫາຂອງຟອງອາກາດໃນຫມໍ້ໄຟ. ຫມໍ້ໄຟ Daniel ມີຮູບແບບຕົ້ນຕໍຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟເຄມີທີ່ທັນສະໄຫມ. ມັນປະກອບດ້ວຍສອງພາກສ່ວນ. ພາກສ່ວນບວກແມ່ນ immersed ໃນການແກ້ໄຂ sulfate ທອງແດງ. ສ່ວນອື່ນໆຂອງທອງແດງແມ່ນສັງກະສີ immersed ໃນການແກ້ໄຂ zinc sulfate. ແບດເຕີລີ່ Daniel ຕົ້ນສະບັບໄດ້ເຕີມລົງໄປດ້ວຍການແກ້ໄຂ sulfate ທອງແດງຢູ່ໃນກະປ໋ອງທອງແດງແລະ inserted ຖັງ porous ceramic cylindrical ໃນໃຈກາງ. ໃນພາຊະນະ ceramic ນີ້, ມີ rod ສັງກະສີແລະ sulfate ສັງກະສີເປັນ electrode ລົບ. ໃນການແກ້ໄຂ, ຂຸມຂະຫນາດນ້ອຍໃນຖັງເຊລາມິກອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ສອງຄີເພື່ອແລກປ່ຽນ ions. ແບດເຕີລີ່ Daniel ທີ່ທັນສະໄຫມສ່ວນຫຼາຍແມ່ນໃຊ້ຂົວເກືອຫຼືເຍື່ອເຄິ່ງ permeable ເພື່ອບັນລຸຜົນກະທົບນີ້. ແບດເຕີລີ່ Daniel ໄດ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ເປັນແຫຼ່ງພະລັງງານສໍາລັບເຄືອຂ່າຍໂທລະເລກຈົນກ່ວາຫມໍ້ໄຟແຫ້ງປ່ຽນແທນພວກມັນ.
ສົມຜົນປະຕິກິລິຍາ electrode ຂອງແບດເຕີລີ່ Daniel:
electrode ບວກ: 〖Cu〗^(2+)+2e^-→Cu
electrode ລົບ: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-
ມາຮອດປະຈຸ, ຮູບແບບຕົ້ນຕໍຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟໄດ້ຖືກກໍານົດ, ເຊິ່ງປະກອບມີ electrode ບວກ, electrode ລົບ, ແລະ electrolyte. ບົນພື້ນຖານດັ່ງກ່າວ, ຫມໍ້ໄຟໄດ້ຮັບການພັດທະນາຢ່າງວ່ອງໄວໃນ 100 ປີຂ້າງຫນ້າ. ລະບົບແບດເຕີລີ່ໃຫມ່ຈໍານວນຫຼາຍໄດ້ປະກົດຕົວ, ລວມທັງນັກວິທະຍາສາດຝຣັ່ງ Gaston Planté invented ຫມໍ້ໄຟອາຊິດ lead-acid ໃນປີ 1856. ຫມໍ້ໄຟອາຊິດ Lead-acid ຜົນຜະລິດຂະຫນາດໃຫຍ່ຂອງມັນໃນປະຈຸບັນແລະລາຄາຕໍ່າໄດ້ດຶງດູດຄວາມສົນໃຈຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງ, ສະນັ້ນມັນຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ໃນອຸປະກອນມືຖືຈໍານວນຫຼາຍ, ເຊັ່ນໄຟຟ້າຕົ້ນ. ພາຫະນະ. ມັນມັກຈະຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ເປັນການສະຫນອງພະລັງງານສໍາຮອງສໍາລັບບາງໂຮງຫມໍແລະສະຖານີຖານ. ແບດເຕີລີ່ອາຊິດຂີ້ກົ່ວແມ່ນປະກອບດ້ວຍທາດນໍາ, lead dioxide, ແລະການແກ້ໄຂອາຊິດຊູນຟູຣິກ, ແລະແຮງດັນຂອງພວກມັນສາມາດບັນລຸປະມານ 2V. ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າໃນຍຸກສະ ໄໝ ໃໝ່, ແບດເຕີຣີອາຊິດບໍ່ຖືກ ກຳ ຈັດຍ້ອນເຕັກໂນໂລຢີທີ່ເຕີບໃຫຍ່, ລາຄາຕໍ່າ, ແລະລະບົບນ້ ຳ ທີ່ປອດໄພກວ່າ.
ສົມຜົນຕິກິຣິຍາ electrode ຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟອາຊິດ lead-acid:
Positive electrode: PbO_2+〖SO〗_4^(2-)+4H^++2e^-→Pb〖SO〗_4+2H_2 O
electrode ລົບ: Pb+〖SO〗_4^(2-) →Pb〖SO〗_4+2e^-
ແບດເຕີຣີ້ nickel-cadmium, ປະດິດໂດຍນັກວິທະຍາສາດຊາວສະວີເດນ Waldemar Jungner ໃນປີ 1899, ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງໃນອຸປະກອນເອເລັກໂຕຣນິກມືຖືຂະຫນາດນ້ອຍ, ເຊັ່ນ walkmans ຕົ້ນ, ເນື່ອງຈາກຄວາມຫນາແຫນ້ນຂອງພະລັງງານສູງກວ່າຫມໍ້ໄຟອາຊິດຕະກົ່ວ. ຄ້າຍກັບແບດເຕີຣີອາຊິດຕະກົ່ວ. ແບດເຕີຣີ້ Nickel-cadmium ຍັງຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງນັບຕັ້ງແຕ່ຊຸມປີ 1990, ແຕ່ຄວາມເປັນພິດຂອງພວກມັນແມ່ນຂ້ອນຂ້າງສູງ, ແລະແບດເຕີຣີເອງກໍ່ມີຜົນກະທົບຄວາມຈໍາສະເພາະ. ນີ້ແມ່ນເຫດຜົນທີ່ພວກເຮົາມັກຈະໄດ້ຍິນຜູ້ສູງອາຍຸບາງຄົນເວົ້າວ່າແບດເຕີລີ່ຕ້ອງຖືກຖອດອອກໃຫ້ເຕັມກ່ອນທີ່ຈະສາກໃຫມ່ແລະແບດເຕີລີ່ຂີ້ເຫຍື້ອຈະປົນເປື້ອນແຜ່ນດິນ, ແລະອື່ນໆ. (ໃຫ້ສັງເກດວ່າເຖິງແມ່ນແບດເຕີລີ່ໃນປະຈຸບັນກໍ່ມີສານພິດສູງແລະບໍ່ຄວນຖິ້ມໄປທົ່ວທຸກແຫ່ງ, ແຕ່ແບດເຕີລີ່ lithium ໃນປະຈຸບັນບໍ່ມີປະໂຫຍດຕໍ່ຫນ່ວຍຄວາມຈໍາ, ແລະການໄຫຼເກີນແມ່ນເປັນອັນຕະລາຍຕໍ່ອາຍຸຂອງແບດເຕີຣີ. ຄວາມຕ້ານທານພາຍໃນຈະປ່ຽນແປງກັບອຸນຫະພູມ, ເຊິ່ງອາດຈະເຮັດໃຫ້ເກີດຄວາມເສຍຫາຍເນື່ອງຈາກກະແສໄຟຟ້າຫຼາຍເກີນໄປໃນລະຫວ່າງການສາກໄຟ. ຫມໍ້ໄຟ nickel-hydrogen ຄ່ອຍໆລົບລ້າງມັນປະມານ 2005. ມາຮອດປະຈຸບັນ, ຫມໍ້ໄຟ nickel-cadmium ບໍ່ຄ່ອຍມີຢູ່ໃນຕະຫຼາດ.
ສົມຜົນປະຕິກິລິຍາອິເລັກໂທຣດຂອງແບດເຕີຣີ້ nickel-cadmium:
Positive electrode: 2NiO(OH)+2H_2 O+2e^-→2OH^-+2Ni〖(OH)〗_2
electrode ລົບ: Cd+2OH^-→Cd〖(OH)〗_2+2e^-
ໃນຊຸມປີ 1960, ໃນທີ່ສຸດປະຊາຊົນໄດ້ເຂົ້າສູ່ຍຸກຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ຢ່າງເປັນທາງການ.
ໂລຫະ Lithium ຕົວຂອງມັນເອງໄດ້ຖືກຄົ້ນພົບໃນປີ 1817, ແລະປະຊາຊົນທັນທີຮູ້ວ່າຄຸນສົມບັດທາງກາຍະພາບແລະທາງເຄມີຂອງໂລຫະ lithium ແມ່ນຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ເປັນວັດສະດຸສໍາລັບຫມໍ້ໄຟ. ມັນມີຄວາມຫນາແຫນ້ນຕ່ໍາ (0.534g 〖cm〗^(-3)), ຄວາມອາດສາມາດຂະຫນາດໃຫຍ່ (ທາງທິດສະດີເຖິງ 3860mAh g^(-1)), ແລະທ່າແຮງຕ່ໍາຂອງມັນ (-3.04V ເມື່ອທຽບກັບ electrode hydrogen ມາດຕະຖານ). ເຫຼົ່ານີ້ແມ່ນເກືອບບອກປະຊາຊົນວ່າຂ້າພະເຈົ້າເປັນອຸປະກອນ electrode ລົບຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟທີ່ເຫມາະສົມ. ຢ່າງໃດກໍຕາມ, ໂລຫະ lithium ຕົວຂອງມັນເອງມີບັນຫາໃຫຍ່. ມັນມີການເຄື່ອນໄຫວເກີນໄປ, reacts ຮຸນແຮງກັບນ້ໍາ, ແລະມີຄວາມຕ້ອງການສູງກ່ຽວກັບສະພາບແວດລ້ອມການດໍາເນີນງານ. ເພາະສະນັ້ນ, ເປັນເວລາດົນ, ປະຊາຊົນບໍ່ມີຄວາມສິ້ນຫວັງກັບມັນ.
ໃນປີ 1913, Lewis ແລະ Keyes ໄດ້ວັດແທກທ່າແຮງຂອງ electrode ໂລຫະ lithium. ແລະໄດ້ເຮັດການທົດສອບຫມໍ້ໄຟທີ່ມີ lithium iodide ໃນການແກ້ໄຂ propylamine ເປັນ electrolyte, ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າມັນລົ້ມເຫລວ.
ໃນປີ 1958, William Sidney Harris ໄດ້ກ່າວເຖິງໃນທິດສະດີປະລິນຍາເອກຂອງລາວວ່າລາວໄດ້ໃສ່ໂລຫະ lithium ໃນການແກ້ໄຂ ester ອິນຊີທີ່ແຕກຕ່າງກັນແລະສັງເກດເຫັນການສ້າງຕັ້ງຂອງຊັ້ນ passivation ຊຸດ (ລວມທັງໂລຫະ lithium ໃນອາຊິດ perchloric). Lithium LiClO_4
ປະກົດການໃນການແກ້ໄຂ PC ຂອງ propylene carbonate, ແລະການແກ້ໄຂນີ້ແມ່ນລະບົບ electrolyte ທີ່ສໍາຄັນໃນຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ໃນອະນາຄົດ), ແລະປະກົດການສົ່ງ ion ສະເພາະໄດ້ຖືກສັງເກດເຫັນ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນບາງການທົດລອງ electrodeposition ເບື້ອງຕົ້ນໄດ້ຖືກປະຕິບັດໂດຍອີງໃສ່ນີ້. ການທົດລອງເຫຼົ່ານີ້ຢ່າງເປັນທາງການນໍາໄປສູ່ການພັດທະນາຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium.
ໃນປີ 1965, ອົງການ NASA ໄດ້ດໍາເນີນການສຶກສາຢ່າງເລິກເຊິ່ງກ່ຽວກັບປະກົດການສາກໄຟ ແລະ ການປົດສາກຂອງແບດເຕີຣີ້ Li||Cu ໃນວິທີແກ້ໄຂ PC lithium perchlorate. ລະບົບ electrolyte ອື່ນໆ, ລວມທັງການວິເຄາະຂອງ LiBF_4, LiI, LiAl〖Cl〗_4, LiCl, ການຄົ້ນຄວ້ານີ້ໄດ້ກະຕຸ້ນຄວາມສົນໃຈຢ່າງຫຼວງຫຼາຍໃນລະບົບ electrolyte ອິນຊີ.
ໃນປີ 1969, ສິດທິບັດໄດ້ສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນວ່າບາງຄົນໄດ້ເລີ່ມພະຍາຍາມເຮັດທຸລະກິດແບດເຕີຣີໂຊລູຊັ່ນອິນຊີໂດຍໃຊ້ໂລຫະ lithium, sodium, ແລະ potassium.
ໃນປີ 1970, ບໍລິສັດ Panasonic ຂອງຍີ່ປຸ່ນໄດ້ປະດິດຫມໍ້ໄຟ Li‖CF_x ┤, ເຊິ່ງອັດຕາສ່ວນຂອງ x ໂດຍທົ່ວໄປແມ່ນ 0.5-1. CF_x ແມ່ນ fluorocarbon. ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າອາຍແກັສ fluorine ເປັນພິດສູງ, fluorocarbon ຕົວຂອງມັນເອງເປັນຝຸ່ນສີຂາວທີ່ບໍ່ມີສານພິດ. ການປະກົດຕົວຂອງແບດເຕີຣີ Li‖CF_x ┤ ສາມາດເວົ້າໄດ້ວ່າເປັນແບດເຕີລີ່ lithium ທີ່ແທ້ຈິງທໍາອິດ. ແບັດເຕີຣີ Li‖CF_x ┤ ເປັນແບັດເຕີຣີຫຼັກ. ຢ່າງໃດກໍຕາມ, ຄວາມອາດສາມາດຂອງມັນແມ່ນຂະຫນາດໃຫຍ່, ຄວາມອາດສາມາດທາງທິດສະດີແມ່ນ 865mAh 〖Kg〗^(-1), ແລະແຮງດັນການໄຫຼຂອງມັນແມ່ນຄວາມຫມັ້ນຄົງຫຼາຍໃນໄລຍະຍາວ. ເພາະສະນັ້ນ, ພະລັງງານແມ່ນມີຄວາມຫມັ້ນຄົງແລະປະກົດການປ່ອຍຕົວຕົນເອງຂະຫນາດນ້ອຍ. ແຕ່ມັນມີອັດຕາການປະຕິບັດທີ່ສຸດແລະບໍ່ສາມາດໄດ້ຮັບການຄິດຄ່າທໍານຽມ. ດັ່ງນັ້ນ, ໂດຍທົ່ວໄປແລ້ວມັນຖືກລວມກັບ manganese dioxide ເພື່ອເຮັດໃຫ້ຫມໍ້ໄຟ Li‖CF_x ┤-MnO_2, ເຊິ່ງຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ເປັນຫມໍ້ໄຟພາຍໃນສໍາລັບບາງເຊັນເຊີຂະຫນາດນ້ອຍ, ໂມງ, ແລະອື່ນໆ, ແລະບໍ່ໄດ້ຖືກກໍາຈັດ.
electrode ບວກ: CF_x+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+ →C+xLiF
electrode ລົບ: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-
ໃນປີ 1975, ບໍລິສັດ Sanyo ຂອງຍີ່ປຸ່ນໄດ້ປະດິດແບດເຕີລີ່ Li‖MnO_2 ┤, ໃຊ້ຄັ້ງທໍາອິດໃນເຄື່ອງຄິດເລກແສງອາທິດທີ່ສາມາດສາກໄຟໄດ້. ນີ້ສາມາດຖືໄດ້ວ່າເປັນຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium rechargeable ທໍາອິດ. ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າຜະລິດຕະພັນນີ້ແມ່ນປະສົບຜົນສໍາເລັດຢ່າງຫຼວງຫຼາຍໃນປະເທດຍີ່ປຸ່ນໃນເວລານັ້ນ, ປະຊາຊົນບໍ່ມີຄວາມເຂົ້າໃຈຢ່າງເລິກເຊິ່ງກ່ຽວກັບວັດສະດຸດັ່ງກ່າວແລະບໍ່ຮູ້ວ່າ lithium ແລະ manganese dioxide ຂອງມັນ. ເຫດຜົນອັນໃດຢູ່ເບື້ອງຫຼັງປະຕິກິລິຍາ?
ໃນຂະນະດຽວກັນ, ຊາວອາເມຣິກັນໄດ້ຊອກຫາແບດເຕີລີ່ທີ່ສາມາດໃຊ້ຄືນໄດ້, ເຊິ່ງປະຈຸບັນພວກເຮົາເອີ້ນວ່າຫມໍ້ໄຟຮອງ.
ໃນປີ 1972, MBArmand (ຊື່ຂອງນັກວິທະຍາສາດບາງຄົນບໍ່ໄດ້ແປໃນຕອນຕົ້ນ) ໄດ້ສະເຫນີໃນເອກະສານກອງປະຊຸມ M_(0.5) Fe〖(CN)〗_3 (ບ່ອນທີ່ M ເປັນໂລຫະທີ່ເປັນດ່າງ) ແລະວັດສະດຸອື່ນໆທີ່ມີໂຄງສ້າງສີຟ້າ Prussian. , ແລະໄດ້ສຶກສາປະກົດການ intercalation ion ຂອງຕົນ. ແລະໃນປີ 1973, J. Broadhead ແລະຜູ້ອື່ນໆຂອງ Bell Labs ໄດ້ສຶກສາປະກົດການ intercalation ຂອງອະຕອມຂອງຊູນຟູຣິກແລະທາດໄອໂອດິນໃນ dichalcogenides ໂລຫະ. ການສຶກສາເບື້ອງຕົ້ນເຫຼົ່ານີ້ກ່ຽວກັບປະກົດການ intercalation ion ແມ່ນການຂັບເຄື່ອນທີ່ສໍາຄັນທີ່ສຸດສໍາລັບຄວາມກ້າວຫນ້າເທື່ອລະກ້າວຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium. ການຄົ້ນຄວ້າຕົ້ນສະບັບແມ່ນຊັດເຈນເນື່ອງຈາກວ່າການສຶກສາເຫຼົ່ານີ້ຕໍ່ມາຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium-ion ກາຍເປັນຄວາມເປັນໄປໄດ້.
ໃນປີ 1975, Martin B. Dines ຂອງ Exxon (ຜູ້ສືບທອດຂອງ Exxon Mobil) ໄດ້ດໍາເນີນການຄິດໄລ່ເບື້ອງຕົ້ນແລະການທົດລອງກ່ຽວກັບ intercalation ລະຫວ່າງຊຸດຂອງ transition metal dichalcogenides ແລະ alkali metals ແລະໃນປີດຽວກັນ, Exxon ແມ່ນອີກຊື່ຫນຶ່ງຂອງວິທະຍາສາດ MS Whittingham ຈັດພີມມາສິດທິບັດ. ໃນສະລອຍນ້ຳ Li‖TiS_2 ┤. ແລະໃນປີ 1977, Exoon ໄດ້ເຮັດການຄ້າແບດເຕີຣີໂດຍອີງໃສ່ Li-Al‖TiS_2┤, ເຊິ່ງໂລຫະປະສົມອາລູມິນຽມ lithium ສາມາດເພີ່ມຄວາມປອດໄພຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ (ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າມັນມີຄວາມສ່ຽງຫຼາຍ). ຫຼັງຈາກນັ້ນ, ລະບົບຫມໍ້ໄຟດັ່ງກ່າວໄດ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ຢ່າງຕໍ່ເນື່ອງໂດຍ Eveready ໃນສະຫະລັດ. ການຄ້າຂອງບໍລິສັດຫມໍ້ໄຟແລະບໍລິສັດ Grace. ແບດເຕີຣີ້ Li‖TiS_2 ┤ ສາມາດເປັນແບດເຕີລີ່ lithium ທີສອງໃນຄວາມຮູ້ສຶກທີ່ແທ້ຈິງ, ແລະມັນຍັງເປັນລະບົບຫມໍ້ໄຟທີ່ຮ້ອນທີ່ສຸດໃນເວລານັ້ນ. ໃນເວລານັ້ນ, ຄວາມຫນາແຫນ້ນຂອງພະລັງງານຂອງມັນແມ່ນປະມານ 2-3 ເທົ່າຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟອາຊິດນໍາ.
electrode ບວກ: TiS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x TiS_2
electrode ລົບ: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-
ໃນເວລາດຽວກັນ, ນັກວິທະຍາສາດຊາວການາດາ MA Py ໄດ້ປະດິດຫມໍ້ໄຟ Li‖MoS_2┤ ໃນປີ 1983, ເຊິ່ງສາມາດມີຄວາມຫນາແຫນ້ນຂອງພະລັງງານ 60-65Wh 〖Kg〗^(-1) ທີ່ 1/3C, ເຊິ່ງເທົ່າກັບ Li‖TiS_2┤. ຫມໍ້ໄຟ. ອີງຕາມສິ່ງດັ່ງກ່າວ, ໃນປີ 1987, ບໍລິສັດການາດາ Moli Energy ໄດ້ເປີດຕົວແບດເຕີລີ່ lithium ທາງດ້ານການຄ້າຢ່າງແທ້ຈິງ, ເຊິ່ງໄດ້ຮັບການຊອກຫາຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງໃນທົ່ວໂລກ. ອັນນີ້ຄວນຈະເປັນເຫດການທີ່ສຳຄັນທາງປະຫວັດສາດ, ແຕ່ສິ່ງທີ່ໜ້າລັງກຽດກໍຄືວ່າ ມັນຍັງເປັນສາເຫດໃຫ້ Moli ຫຼຸດລົງໃນພາຍຫຼັງ. ຫຼັງຈາກນັ້ນ, ໃນພາກຮຽນ spring ຂອງ 1989, ບໍລິສັດ Moli ໄດ້ເປີດຕົວຜະລິດຕະພັນຫມໍ້ໄຟ Li‖MoS_2┤ ຮຸ່ນທີສອງຂອງຕົນ. ໃນຕອນທ້າຍຂອງລະດູໃບໄມ້ປົ່ງຂອງປີ 1989, ຜະລິດຕະພັນຫມໍ້ໄຟ Li‖MoS_2┤ ລຸ້ນທຳອິດຂອງ Moli ໄດ້ລະເບີດ ແລະເຮັດໃຫ້ເກີດຄວາມຕື່ນຕົກໃຈເປັນຂະໜາດໃຫຍ່. ໃນລະດູຮ້ອນຂອງປີດຽວກັນ, ຜະລິດຕະພັນທັງຫມົດໄດ້ຖືກເອີ້ນຄືນ, ແລະຜູ້ຖືກເຄາະຮ້າຍໄດ້ຮັບການຊົດເຊີຍ. ໃນຕອນທ້າຍຂອງປີດຽວກັນ, Moli Energy ໄດ້ປະກາດການລົ້ມລະລາຍແລະໄດ້ມາໂດຍ NEC ຂອງຍີ່ປຸ່ນໃນພາກຮຽນ spring ຂອງ 1990. ມັນເປັນມູນຄ່າທີ່ກ່າວເຖິງວ່າມີຂ່າວລືວ່າ Jeff Dahn, ນັກວິທະຍາສາດຊາວການາດາໃນເວລານັ້ນ, ເປັນຜູ້ນໍາພາໂຄງການຫມໍ້ໄຟທີ່ Moli. ພະລັງງານ ແລະລາອອກຍ້ອນການຕໍ່ຕ້ານການສືບຕໍ່ລາຍຊື່ Li‖MoS_2 ┤ ຫມໍ້ໄຟ.
electrode ບວກ: MoS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x MoS_2
electrode ລົບ: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-
ມາຮອດປະຈຸ, ຫມໍ້ໄຟໂລຫະ lithium ໄດ້ຄ່ອຍໆອອກຈາກສາຍຕາຂອງປະຊາຊົນ. ພວກເຮົາສາມາດເຫັນໄດ້ວ່າໃນລະຫວ່າງປີ 1970 ຫາ 1980, ການຄົ້ນຄວ້າຂອງນັກວິທະຍາສາດກ່ຽວກັບຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ແມ່ນສຸມໃສ່ວັດສະດຸ cathode ຕົ້ນຕໍ. ເປົ້າຫມາຍສຸດທ້າຍແມ່ນສຸມໃສ່ການປ່ຽນແປງ dihalcogenides ໂລຫະ. ເນື່ອງຈາກວ່າໂຄງປະກອບການຊັ້ນຂອງເຂົາເຈົ້າ (ການຫັນປ່ຽນ dihalcogenides ໂລຫະໃນປັດຈຸບັນໄດ້ຮັບການສຶກສາຢ່າງກວ້າງຂວາງເປັນອຸປະກອນການສອງມິຕິລະພາບ), ຊັ້ນຂອງເຂົາເຈົ້າແລະມີຊ່ອງຫວ່າງພຽງພໍລະຫວ່າງຊັ້ນເພື່ອຮອງຮັບການແຊກຂອງ lithium ion ໄດ້. ໃນເວລານັ້ນ, ມີການຄົ້ນຄວ້າຫນ້ອຍເກີນໄປກ່ຽວກັບວັດສະດຸ anode ໃນໄລຍະເວລານີ້. ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າບາງການສຶກສາໄດ້ສຸມໃສ່ການປະສົມຂອງໂລຫະ lithium ເພື່ອເພີ່ມຄວາມຫມັ້ນຄົງ, ໂລຫະ lithium ຕົວຂອງມັນເອງບໍ່ຫມັ້ນຄົງເກີນໄປແລະເປັນອັນຕະລາຍ. ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າການລະເບີດຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟຂອງ Moli ເປັນເຫດການທີ່ເຮັດໃຫ້ໂລກຕື່ນເຕັ້ນ, ມີຫຼາຍກໍລະນີຂອງການລະເບີດຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟໂລຫະ lithium.
ຍິ່ງໄປກວ່ານັ້ນ, ປະຊາຊົນບໍ່ຮູ້ສາເຫດຂອງການລະເບີດຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ໄດ້ດີຫຼາຍ. ນອກຈາກນັ້ນ, ໂລຫະ lithium ໄດ້ຖືກພິຈາລະນາເປັນອຸປະກອນ electrode ລົບທີ່ບໍ່ສາມາດທົດແທນໄດ້ເນື່ອງຈາກຄຸນສົມບັດທີ່ດີຂອງມັນ. ຫຼັງຈາກການລະເບີດຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ Moli, ການຍອມຮັບຂອງປະຊາຊົນກ່ຽວກັບຫມໍ້ໄຟໂລຫະ lithium ໄດ້ຫຼຸດລົງ, ແລະຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ເຂົ້າໄປໃນໄລຍະເວລາທີ່ມືດມົວ.
ເພື່ອໃຫ້ມີຫມໍ້ໄຟທີ່ປອດໄພກວ່າ, ປະຊາຊົນຕ້ອງເລີ່ມຕົ້ນດ້ວຍວັດສະດຸ electrode ທີ່ເປັນອັນຕະລາຍ. ຍັງ, ມີຊຸດຂອງບັນຫາຢູ່ທີ່ນີ້: ທ່າແຮງຂອງໂລຫະ lithium ແມ່ນຕື້ນ, ແລະການນໍາໃຊ້ electrodes ລົບປະສົມອື່ນໆຈະເພີ່ມທ່າແຮງ electrode ລົບ, ແລະວິທີການນີ້, ຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ຄວາມແຕກຕ່າງທ່າແຮງໂດຍລວມຈະຫຼຸດລົງ, ເຊິ່ງຈະຫຼຸດລົງ. ຄວາມຫນາແຫນ້ນຂອງພະລັງງານຂອງພະຍຸ. ດັ່ງນັ້ນ, ນັກວິທະຍາສາດຕ້ອງຊອກຫາວັດສະດຸ cathode ແຮງດັນສູງທີ່ສອດຄ້ອງກັນ. ໃນເວລາດຽວກັນ, electrolyte ຂອງແບດເຕີຣີຕ້ອງກົງກັບແຮງດັນທາງບວກແລະລົບແລະຄວາມຫມັ້ນຄົງຂອງວົງຈອນ. ໃນເວລາດຽວກັນ, ການນໍາໃຊ້ຂອງ electrolyte ແລະຄວາມຕ້ານທານຄວາມຮ້ອນແມ່ນດີກວ່າ. ຄຳຖາມຊຸດນີ້ເຮັດໃຫ້ນັກວິທະຍາສາດສັບສົນເປັນເວລາດົນນານເພື່ອຊອກຫາຄຳຕອບທີ່ໜ້າພໍໃຈກວ່າ.
ບັນຫາທໍາອິດສໍາລັບນັກວິທະຍາສາດທີ່ຈະແກ້ໄຂແມ່ນຊອກຫາອຸປະກອນ electrode ທີ່ປອດໄພແລະເປັນອັນຕະລາຍທີ່ສາມາດທົດແທນໂລຫະ lithium ໄດ້. ໂລຫະ Lithium ຕົວຂອງມັນເອງມີກິດຈະກໍາທາງເຄມີຫຼາຍເກີນໄປ, ແລະຊຸດຂອງບັນຫາການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວຂອງ dendrite ໄດ້ຮຸນແຮງເກີນໄປໃນສະພາບແວດລ້ອມການນໍາໃຊ້ແລະເງື່ອນໄຂ, ແລະມັນບໍ່ປອດໄພ. ປະຈຸບັນ Graphite ແມ່ນຮ່າງກາຍຕົ້ນຕໍຂອງ electrode ລົບຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium-ion, ແລະການນໍາໃຊ້ຂອງມັນໃນຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ໄດ້ຖືກສຶກສາໃນຕົ້ນປີ 1976. ໃນປີ 1976, Besenhard, JO ໄດ້ດໍາເນີນການສຶກສາລາຍລະອຽດເພີ່ມເຕີມກ່ຽວກັບການສັງເຄາະ electrochemical ຂອງ LiC_R. ຢ່າງໃດກໍ່ຕາມ, ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າ graphite ມີຄຸນສົມບັດທີ່ດີເລີດ (ການນໍາໄຟຟ້າສູງ, ຄວາມສາມາດສູງ, ທ່າແຮງຕ່ໍາ, inertness, ແລະອື່ນໆ), ໃນເວລານັ້ນ, electrolyte ທີ່ໃຊ້ໃນຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ໂດຍທົ່ວໄປແມ່ນການແກ້ໄຂ PC ຂອງ LiClO_4 ທີ່ໄດ້ກ່າວມາຂ້າງເທິງ. Graphite ມີບັນຫາທີ່ສໍາຄັນ. ໃນກໍລະນີທີ່ບໍ່ມີການປ້ອງກັນ, ໂມເລກຸນ PC ຂອງ electrolyte ຍັງຈະເຂົ້າໄປໃນໂຄງສ້າງ graphite ດ້ວຍ intercalation lithium-ion, ເຊິ່ງເຮັດໃຫ້ການປະຕິບັດວົງຈອນຫຼຸດລົງ. ເພາະສະນັ້ນ, graphite ບໍ່ໄດ້ຖືກນິຍົມໂດຍນັກວິທະຍາສາດໃນເວລານັ້ນ.
ສໍາລັບວັດສະດຸ cathode, ຫຼັງຈາກການຄົ້ນຄວ້າຂັ້ນຕອນຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ໂລຫະ, ນັກວິທະຍາສາດພົບວ່າວັດສະດຸ lithiation anode ຕົວຂອງມັນເອງຍັງເປັນອຸປະກອນການເກັບຮັກສາ lithium ທີ່ມີການປີ້ນກັບກັນທີ່ດີເຊັ່ນ: LiTiS_2,〖Li〗_x V〖Se〗_2 (x. =1,2) ແລະອື່ນໆ, ແລະບົນພື້ນຖານນີ້, 〖Li〗_x V_2 O_5 (0.35≤x<3), LiV_2 O_8 ແລະອຸປະກອນອື່ນໆໄດ້ຖືກພັດທະນາ. ແລະນັກວິທະຍາສາດໄດ້ຄ່ອຍໆຄຸ້ນເຄີຍກັບຊ່ອງທາງ ion 1 ມິຕິລະດັບຕ່າງໆ (1D), 2 ມິຕິລະດັບ ion intercalation (2D), ແລະໂຄງສ້າງເຄືອຂ່າຍສາຍສົ່ງ ion 3 ມິຕິລະດັບ.
ການຄົ້ນຄວ້າທີ່ມີຊື່ສຽງທີ່ສຸດຂອງສາດສະດາຈານ John B. Goodenough ກ່ຽວກັບ LiCoO_2 (LCO) ກໍ່ເກີດຂຶ້ນໃນເວລານີ້. ໃນປີ 1979, Goodenougd et al. ໄດ້ຮັບການດົນໃຈໂດຍບົດຄວາມກ່ຽວກັບໂຄງສ້າງຂອງ NaCoO_2 ໃນປີ 1973 ແລະຄົ້ນພົບ LCO ແລະຕີພິມບົດຄວາມສິດທິບັດ. LCO ມີໂຄງສ້າງ intercalation ເປັນຊັ້ນທີ່ຄ້າຍຄືກັບ disulfides ໂລຫະການປ່ຽນແປງ, ເຊິ່ງ lithium ions ສາມາດໃສ່ແລະສະກັດຄືນໄດ້. ຖ້າ lithium ion ໄດ້ຖືກສະກັດອອກຢ່າງສົມບູນ, ໂຄງສ້າງທີ່ໃກ້ຊິດຂອງ CoO_2 ຈະຖືກສ້າງຕັ້ງຂຶ້ນ, ແລະມັນສາມາດຖືກໃສ່ກັບ lithium ions ສໍາລັບ lithium (ແນ່ນອນ, ຫມໍ້ໄຟທີ່ແທ້ຈິງຈະບໍ່ອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ສະກັດ lithium ion ທັງຫມົດ, ເຊິ່ງ. ຈະເຮັດໃຫ້ຄວາມສາມາດເສື່ອມໂຊມໄວ). ໃນປີ 1986, Akira Yoshino, ຜູ້ທີ່ຍັງເຮັດວຽກຢູ່ Asahi Kasei Corporation ໃນປະເທດຍີ່ປຸ່ນ, ໄດ້ລວມເອົາສາມຂອງ LCO, coke, ແລະ LiClO_4 PC solution ເຂົ້າໄປໃນຄັ້ງທໍາອິດ, ກາຍເປັນແບດເຕີຣີ້ຮອງ lithium-ion ທີ່ທັນສະໄຫມທໍາອິດແລະກາຍເປັນ lithium ໃນປະຈຸບັນ. ຫມໍ້ໄຟ. Sony ສັງເກດເຫັນສິດທິບັດ LCO ຂອງຜູ້ຊາຍອາຍຸ "ດີພໍ" ຢ່າງໄວວາ ແລະໄດ້ຮັບອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ໃຊ້ມັນ. ໃນປີ 1991, ມັນໄດ້ເຮັດການຄ້າຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium-ion LCO. ແນວຄວາມຄິດຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium-ion ຍັງໄດ້ປາກົດຂຶ້ນໃນເວລານີ້, ແລະຄວາມຄິດຂອງມັນຍັງສືບຕໍ່ມາເຖິງທຸກມື້ນີ້. (ມັນເປັນມູນຄ່າທີ່ສັງເກດວ່າຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium-ion ລຸ້ນທໍາອິດຂອງ Sony ແລະ Akira Yoshino ຍັງໃຊ້ກາກບອນແຂງເປັນ electrode ລົບແທນທີ່ຈະເປັນ graphite, ແລະເຫດຜົນແມ່ນວ່າ PC ຂ້າງເທິງມີ intercalation ໃນ graphite)
electrode ບວກ: 6C+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x C_6
electrode ລົບ: LiCoO_2→〖Li〗_(1-x) CoO_2+x〖Li〗^++xe^-
ໃນທາງກົງກັນຂ້າມ, ໃນປີ 1978, Armand, M. ສະເຫນີການນໍາໃຊ້ polyethylene glycol (PEO) ເປັນ electrolyte polymer ແຂງເພື່ອແກ້ໄຂບັນຫາຂ້າງເທິງນີ້ graphite anode ໄດ້ຖືກຝັງໄດ້ຢ່າງງ່າຍດາຍໃນໂມເລກຸນ PC solvent (ໄຟຟ້າຕົ້ນຕໍໃນເວລານັ້ນຍັງ. ໃຊ້ PC, DEC ໂຊລູຊັ່ນປະສົມ), ເຊິ່ງເຮັດໃຫ້ graphite ເຂົ້າໄປໃນລະບົບຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium ເປັນຄັ້ງທໍາອິດ, ແລະສະເຫນີແນວຄວາມຄິດຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ rocking-chair (rocking-chair) ໃນປີຕໍ່ໄປ. ແນວຄວາມຄິດດັ່ງກ່າວໄດ້ສືບຕໍ່ມາເຖິງປະຈຸບັນ. ລະບົບ electrolyte ຕົ້ນຕໍໃນປະຈຸບັນ, ເຊັ່ນ: ED/DEC, EC/DMC, ແລະອື່ນໆ, ພຽງແຕ່ປະກົດຕົວຊ້າໆໃນຊຸມປີ 1990 ແລະໄດ້ຖືກນໍາໃຊ້ຕັ້ງແຕ່ນັ້ນມາ.
ໃນລະຫວ່າງໄລຍະເວລາດຽວກັນ, ນັກວິທະຍາສາດຍັງໄດ້ຄົ້ນຄວ້າຊຸດຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ: Li‖Nb〖Se〗_3 ┤ batteries, Li‖V〖SE〗_2 ┤ batteries, Li‖〖Ag〗_2 V_4 ┤O_11 batteries, Li. Li ‖I_2 ┤ ແບດເຕີລີ່, ແລະອື່ນໆ, ເພາະວ່າມັນມີຄຸນຄ່າຫນ້ອຍໃນປັດຈຸບັນ, ແລະບໍ່ມີການຄົ້ນຄວ້າຫຼາຍປະເພດ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນຂ້ອຍຈະບໍ່ແນະນໍາລາຍລະອຽດ.
ຍຸກຂອງການພັດທະນາແບດເຕີລີ່ lithium-ion ຫຼັງຈາກປີ 1991 ແມ່ນຍຸກທີ່ພວກເຮົາຢູ່ໃນຕອນນີ້. ໃນທີ່ນີ້ຂ້າພະເຈົ້າຈະບໍ່ໄດ້ສະຫຼຸບຂະບວນການພັດທະນາຢ່າງລະອຽດ, ແຕ່ໂດຍຫຍໍ້ກ່ຽວກັບລະບົບເຄມີຂອງຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium-ion ຈໍານວນຫນ້ອຍ.
ການແນະນໍາລະບົບຫມໍ້ໄຟ lithium-ion ໃນປັດຈຸບັນ, ນີ້ແມ່ນພາກສ່ວນຕໍ່ໄປ.
ຕໍ່ໄປ: ລົດຖີບໄຟຟ້າ Lithium Battery
ຕອບພາຍໃນ 6 ຊົ່ວໂມງ, ຄໍາຖາມໃດໆແມ່ນຍິນດີຕ້ອນຮັບ!